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a Department of Chronic
Diseases and Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of
Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The
Netherlands, b Department of Environmental
Sciences, Environmental and Occupational Health Group,
Wageningen Agricultural University,
Wageningen, The Netherlands, c The Netherlands Institute
for Health Sciences (NIHES), Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands, d Division of
Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, e Nutrition Section, Department
of Internal Medicine and Endocrinological and Metabolical Sciences,
University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy, f Division of Epidemiology, School of
Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, USA, g Department of Public Health and General
Practice, University of Kuopio and Department of Neurology,
Kuopio University Hospital, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland, h Division of Public Health
Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment,
Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Correspondence to: Ms C Tabak
BACKGROUND
Results of
epidemiological studies relating individual dietary factors to chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are inconsistent. To evaluate the
cross sectional association of dietary factors with pulmonary function,
data were collected from middle aged men in three European countries.
METHODSThe data were
collected in the 1960s in Finland (n = 1248), Italy (n = 1386), and the
Netherlands (n = 691). Dietary intake was estimated using the
cross-check dietary history method. Forced expiratory volume
(FEV0.75 or FEV1, here called FEV) was measured by spirometry. Associations were adjusted for age, height, smoking, body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption, and energy intake.
RESULTSFEV was
positively associated with intake of vitamin E in Finland, with intake
of fruit in Italy, and with intake of 
-carotene in the Netherlands.
In all three countries men with intakes of both fruit and vegetables
above the median had a higher FEV than those with a low intake of both
foods. The difference in FEV ranged from 110 to 169 ml before and from
53 to 118 ml after energy adjustment. Differences in FEV for intake of
three antioxidants (vitamins C and E and -carotene) above versus
below the median ranged from 61 to 181 ml before and from -35 to
58 ml after energy adjustment. Intake of fish was not associated with FEV.
CONCLUSIONSIn three
European countries a high intake of fruit and vegetables was positively
associated with pulmonary function. A high intake of all three
antioxidants tended to be positively associated with pulmonary function
before, but not after, adjustment for energy intake. Associations of
individual antioxidants with pulmonary function were not consistent
across countries.
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