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a Department of
Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK, b Postgraduate School of Medicine
and Health, c Adult Cystic
Fibrosis Unit, Seacroft Hospital, Leeds LS14 6UH, UK, d Adult
Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
Correspondence to: Dr L Gee, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG, UK
Received 1 February 2000; Returned to authors 10 April 2000; Revised version received 11 July 2000; Accepted for publication 8 August 2000
BACKGROUND
Health
related quality of life (HRQoL) measurement is important in determining
the impact of disease on daily functioning and subsequently informing
interventions. In cystic fibrosis (CF) generic HRQoL measures have been
employed but these may not be sufficiently specific. The aim of the
current work was to develop and validate a disease specific HRQoL
measure for adults and adolescents with cystic fibrosis.
METHODS
Areas of
concern to adults and adolescents with CF were identified by
unstructured interviews, self-administered questionnaires, consultation
with multidisciplinary specialist staff, a review of the relevant
literature, and examination of other HRQoL measures. Items for the
questionnaire were generated on the basis of this process. Continued
evaluation and development of the Cystic Fibrosis Quality of Life
(CFQoL) questionnaire was undertaken by a process of statistical
analysis and continued feedback from patients. The full testing and
validation of the CFQoL questionnaire took place over four phases: (1)
initial item generation and testing of a preliminary questionnaire, (2)
testing and validation of the second version of the questionnaire, (3)
test-retest reliability of a third and final version of the
questionnaire, and (4) sensitivity testing of the final version of the questionnaire.
RESULTS
Nine domains
of functioning were identified using principal components analysis with
varimax rotation. Internal reliability of the identified domains was
demonstrated using Cronbach alpha coefficients (range 0.72-0.92) and
item to total domain score correlations. Concurrent validity (range
r = 0.64-0.74), discriminatory ability
between different levels of disease severity, sensitivity across
transient changes in health (effect size range, moderate d = 0.56 to
large d = 1.95), and test-retest reliability
(r = 0.74-0.96) were also found to be robust.
CONCLUSIONS
The CFQoL
questionnaire is a fully validated disease specific measure consisting
of 52 items across nine domains of functioning which have been
identified by, and are of importance to, adolescents and adults with
cystic fibrosis. This measure will be useful in clinical trials and
longitudinal studies.
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